Study the Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies with Psychological Hardiness and Happiness of Students

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 M.A. in Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, University of Shiraz , Shiraz, Iran

2 M.A. in Faculty of Educational Sciences and psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies with psychological hardiness and happiness of students.
Methods:  The method of the present study is one of the descriptivel and correlational studies. The statistical population consisted of all girs' secondary high school students of Esfahan city in the academic year of 2022-2023(38697 student). The sample included 381 students They were selected to participate in this research by multi-stage cluster sampling method using Cochran Formula. The data collection tool was the emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross, John, 2002), hardiness questionnaire (Kobasa, 1979) and Oxford happiness questionnaire (Argyle & Lu, 1989) were used. Data analysis was performed analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression  in software SPSS-23.
Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the cognitive regulation of emotion (reevaluation, suppression) with the components of psychological toughness and the components of happiness in students' life. In addition, the results of stepwise regression showed that the components of cognitive regulation of emotion, with (β = 0.614, p < 0.01) 39% of psychological toughness and (β = 0.424, p < 0.01) 30% positively predicts biological happiness.
Conclusion: In sum, the results of this study confirm it can be concluded that when the cognitive emotion regulation strategies can be suitable solutions to increase psychological hardiness and happiness in students.

Keywords


برک، ل‍ورا ای.(1401). روان‌شناسی رشد. ترجمه یحیی سید  محمدی. چاپ پنجاه و چهارم، تهران: انتشارات ارسباران. https://ravabook.ir
جلائی پور، حمیدرضا (1398). جامعه شناسی ایران. تهران: انتشارات علم.https://elmpub.com/product/detail/1615
حسین زاده، اعظم و اسبقی، مریم. (1399).نقش راهبردهای نظم  جویی شناختی هیجان و حرمت خود در شادکامی مادران  کودکان کم‌توان ذهنی. نشریه پرستاری کودکان، 4 (6)، 20-11. http://jpen.ir/article-1-418-fa.html
حسینی، سید جواد؛ امیر عظیمی؛ محمدحسینعلی نقی پور و سعید محمودی (1394). تأملی بر ساز و کارهای مدرسه شاد  و با  نشاط در ایران.سومین همایش ملی مدرسه فردا، چالوس. https://civilica.com/doc/403270/
دهقانی فیروزآبادی، محمدحسین.(1396). تعیین سهم راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در پیش‌بینی شادکامی و اضطراب دانشجویان دانشگاه یزد. اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی فرهنگ، آسیب‌شناسی روانی و تربیت،تهران.https://civilica.com/doc/649384/
رازی، شیوا و عبداله زاده، بیانه. (1398). بررسی نقش راهبردهای  تنظیم شناختی هیجان در سرسختی روان‌شناختی در دانش آموزان  دختر. چهارمین کنفرانس بین‌المللی پژوهش‌های نوین در حوزه علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی و مطالعات اجتماعی ایران، تهران. https://civilica.com/doc/919410      /    
صادقی فرد، مریم؛ سادات سیف، فاطمه و اصغرنژاد، فاطمه.(1400). نقش راهبردهای شناختی تنظیم هیجان در پیش‌بینی امید به زندگی و سرسختی  روان‌شناختی در مادران کودکان مبتلا به ناتوانی هوشی. مجله مطالعات ناتوانی. (109) ۱۱، 7-1.  [Doi:10.29252/mejds.0.0.137]
صالحی، سیده نرگس؛ افتخار صعادی، زهرا؛ حافظی، فریبا و برنا، محمدرضا. (1400). تأثیر آموزش راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان بر خودکارآمدی، تاب‌آوری و امید به زندگی در دانش آموزان دختر مبتلا به افسردگی غیربالینی. مطالعات ناتوانی، 1  (11)، 7-1. http:// jdisabilstud.org/article-1-2255-fa.html    
    علی پور، احمد؛ نوربالا، احمد. علی؛ اژه ای، جواد و مطیعیان، حسین. (1387). شادکامی و عملکرد ایمنی بدن. مجله روان  شناسی، 4 (3)، 233-219. https://www.sid.ir/paper/54414/fa
قاسم‌پو، عبداﷲ؛ ایل‌بیگی‌، رضا و حسن‌زاده، شهناز. (١٣٩١). خصوصیات روان‌سنجی‌ پرسشنامه‌ تنظیم‌ هیجانی‌ گراس و جان در یک‌ نمونه‌  ایرانی‌. ششمین‌ همایش‌ بهداشت‌ روانی‌ دانشجویان،  دانشگاه گیلان، ٧٢٤-٧٢٢. https://civilica.com/doc/888656/
کرمانی مامازندی، زهرا؛ فخر عالمی، فاطمه سادات؛ حسینی واحد، هانیه و علیخانی خامسی، علی. (1401). پیش‌بینی شادکامی بر اساس سبک‌های تفکر، خلاقیت و راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در دانشجویان. پیشرفت‌های نوین در روانشناسی، علوم تربیتی و آموزش و پرورش، 5 (56)، 10-1. https://jonapte.ir/fa/showart-59eff2 abe9 b299 bde 3c 78775b8c729b6
مظلوم بفروئی، ناهید؛ افخمی اردکانی، محمد؛ شمس اسفندآباد، حسن و جلالی، محمدرضا. (1392). رابطه ساده و چندگانه تاب‌آوری و سرسختی  با سبک‌های مقابله هیجان مدار و مسئله مدار در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت شهر یزد. فصلنامه پرستاری دیابت،۱ (۲)، ۳۹-۴۹.  [Dor: 20.1001. 1.23455020.1392.1.2.5.3]
ملتفت، قوام؛ نوشادی، ناصر و رفیعی منش، فاطمه. (1398). نقش واسطه‌ای راهبرد تنظیم شناختی هیجان در رابطه بین توکل به خدا و سرسختی  روان‌شناختی. نشریه روان‌شناسی و دین، 47  (3)، 7-1. http://ravanshenasi.nashriyat.ir/node/501
نصیری، سارا؛ عسکری زاده، قاسم و فضیلت پور، مسعود (1395). نقش راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان، سرسختی روان‌شناختی و خوش‌بینی در  پیش‌بینی اضطراب مرگ زنان در سه‌ماهه سوم بارداری. روان پرستاری، ۴ (۶)، ۵8-۵0. [Doi:10.21859/ijpn-04068]
 ولی زاده، حدیث و شیما پرندین (1401)، اثربخشی شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر باورهای غیرمنطقی و شادکامی  سالمندان. روان‌شناسی پیری, 8 (1)، 24-11. [Doi: 10.22126/jap.2022.7219.1586]
Ahi, Q., Tavasoli. A., Pahlevan, A., & Mansouri, A.  (2021). The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Fear of Happiness. Zahedan J Res Med Sci, 23(3), 1-7. [Doi:10.5812/zjrms.106371]
Alipour, A., Noorbala, A. A. , Ejeee, J. &, Motian, H.  (2008). Happiness and safety function body.  Journal of Psychology. 2008; 4(3): 219-233.  [Persian] .https://www.sid.ir/paper/54414/fa
Argyle, M., & Lu, L.( 1990). The happiness of extraverts. J Person Soc Psychol, 11(10):1011-1017.  [Doi:10.1016/0191-8869 (90)90128-E]
Bamber, M. D. (2016). The effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety in college students.  (Doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University). https://www .ba.ntu.edu.tw/luolu/The%20happiness%20of%20ext raverts.pdf
Berk, L.(2022). Development through the lifespan. Seyed mohammadi Y. (Persian translator). Tehran: Arasbaran Publications.(Persia). https://ravabook.ir
Dehghani Firouzabadi, M. H. (2017). Determining the contribution of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting the happiness and anxiety of Yazd University students. The first international conference on culture, psychopathology and education, Tehran. (Persia).  https://civilica.com/doc/649384/
Delahij ,R., Gaillard, A.w.k. , & vandam , K. (2010). Hardiness and the response to stressful situations:  investigating mediating processes. Personality and Individual Differences,14,234-246. [Doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.002]
Extremera, N., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2020). Pathways between Ability Emotional Intelligence and Subjective Well-Being: Bridging Links through Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies. Sustainability,12(5), 2111. [Doi:10.3390/su12052111]
Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Yaubman, O. (2005). Does hardiness contribute to mental health during a  stressful real-life situation? The roles of appraisal and coping, Journal of personality and social psychology , 68,687 – 695. [Doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.68.4.687]
Furnham, A. ,& Brewin, C. R.(1990). Personality and happiness. Pers Individ Dif, 11(10): 1093–1096.  [Doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90138-H]
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V.(2006). Negative Life Events, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Emotional Problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(6), 1311-1327. [Doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6]
Qasimpo, A., Ilbeigi, R., & Hassanzadeh, S. (2012). Psychometric characteristics of Gross and John's emotional regulation questionnaire in an Iranian sample. The 6th Student Mental Health Conference, Gilan University, 724-722. (Persia). https://civilica.com/doc/888656/
Gross, J. J. (2003). Emotion regulation. In: L. Feldman- Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling. New York: The Guilford Press, 297 318. https://web.archive.org/web/20060917071702id_/http://www-   psych.stanford.edu/~psyphy/Pdfs/everyday .pdf 
Gross, J. J. & John. O, P. (2002). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems: comparison between a clinical and a non-clinical sample. European Journal of Personality; 16 (5), 403 – 420. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-06626-012
Harme, K.V., EINARSEN, s.v., Hoprekstad, Ø.L., Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Waage, S., Moen, B.E.,  Harriss, A. (2020). Accumulated long-term exposure to workplace bullying impairs psychological hardiness: A five-year longitudinal study among nurses. International Journal of Environmental  Research and Public Health, 17  (2587), 1-12. [Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072587]
Hallahan, D. P., Pullen, P. C., Kauffman, J. M., & Badar, J. (2020). Exceptional Learners. In L. Zhang  (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education, New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [Doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093 .013.926]
Hoseinzadeh, A., & Asbaghi. M.(2020). The Role of strategical Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Self-esteem in the Happiness of Mothers with a Mentally Retarded children. JPEN; 6 (4) :11-20.  (Persia). http://jpen.ir/article-1-418-fa.html 
Hosseini, S. J., A Azimi, A.,  Hossein Ali Naqipour, M., & S Mahmoudi, S. (2015). A reflection on the mechanisms of a happy and cheerful school in Iran, the third Farda School National Conference, Chalos. (Persia). https:// civilica.com/doc/403270/
Jalaipour, H. R. (2018). Sociology of Iran, Tehran: Elm Publications.(Persia). https://elmpub.com/product/detail/ 1615
Kermani Mamazandi, Z.,Fakhr Alami, F. S., Hosseini Vahad, H.,  & Alikhani Khamsi, A. (2020).  Prediction of happiness based on styles Thinking, creativity and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in students, new developments in psychology, jonapte, 5 (56),1-10. (Persia). https://jonapte.ir/fa/showart-59eff2abe9b299bde3c78775b8c729b6
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11. [Doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.1]
Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Zola, M. (1983). Type A and Hardiness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6, 41-51. [Doi: 10.1007/BF00845275]
Koçak, O., Ak, N ., Erdem, S.S., Sinan, M., Younis, M.Z., & Erdoğan, A. (2021). The Role of Family Influence and Academic Satisfaction on Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Happiness. Int. J.  Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(11), 1-19. [Doi:   10.3390/ijerph18115919.]
Kravetz Shlomo; Yaacov Drory; Victor Florian (1993). Hardiness and sense of coherence and their  relation to    negative affect. European  Journal of Personality, Vol. 7,233 244.  [Doi:10.1002/per.2410070404]
Lakani. N., & Akbari, B. (2021). The Effectiveness  of Cognitive Emotion Regulation on Emotional   Regulation,Cognitive Flexibility, and Mental Happiness among Students with Internet-addicted:  A Pilot Study. Salāmat-i ijtim (Community Health) 8(3): 453-467.  [Doi:10.22038/mjms.2021.18898]
Lee M., &  Kim, B. Effect of the Employees’ Mental Toughness on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: Mediating Psychological Well-Being. Administrative Sciences, 13 (5):133. [Doi:10.3390/admsci13050133]
Maddi, S. R. (2013). Hardiness_ Turning Stressful Circumstances into Resilient Growth-Springer  Netherlands. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New  York London: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg.  https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9801319
Moltafet, G., Noshadi, N., & Rafiei Manesh, F.  (2018). The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategy in the relationship between trust in God and stubbornness Psychological, Journal of Ravanshenasi-va و Din, 47 (3), 1-7. (Persia). http://ravanshenasi.nashriyat.ir/node/501
Mutz, J., Clough, P., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Do Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation Mediate the Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Symptoms of Depression? Journal of Individual Differences,38, 71-82. [Doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000224]
Nasiri, S., Askarizadeh, G., & Fazilatpoor M.(2017). The Role of Cognitive Regulation Strategies of Emotion, Psychological Hardiness and Optimism in the Prediction of Death Anxiety of Women in their Third Trimester of Pregnancy. IJPN; 4 (6) : 50-58. (Persia). [Doi:10.21859/ijpn-04068]
Oishi, S., & Westgate, E. C. (2022), A psychologically rich life: Beyond happiness and meaning. Psychological Review, 129(4), 790 811. [Doi:10.1037/rev0000317]
Ott, J. (2020), Cognitive Happiness, or the Cognitive Component of Happiness. In: Beyond Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. [Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-56600-5_4]
Razi, Shiva and Abdolazadeh, Bayaneh. (2019). Investigating the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in psychological toughness in female students, the fourth International conference on new researches in the field of educational sciences, psychology and social studies of Iran, Tehran. (Persia). https://civilica.com/doc/919410/
Sadeghifard, M., Sadat Seif, F., & Asgharnejad, F.(2021). The Relationship between Emotion Regulation Strategies and Life Expectancy and Resilience in the Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability. MEJDS; 11 :109-109.  (Persia). [Doi:10.29252/mejds.0.0.137]
Sadock ,B.J., & Sadock,V.A(2003).  Synopsis of psychiatry.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williares & Wilkins.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802389/
Satıcı, B., & Deniz, M. E. (2020). Modeling emotion regulation and subjective happiness: smartphone addiction as a mediator. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(3), 146-152. [Doi:  10.5152/ADDICTA.2020.20035]
Salehi, S. N., Eftekhar Saadi, Z., Hafezi, F., & Borna, M.(2021). Effects of Emotion Regulation Skills Training on Self-Efficacy, Resilience, and Hope in Female Students with Nonclinical Depression. MEJDS; 11 :96-96. (Persia). http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-2255-fa.html
Toros, T.,  Ogras, E. B., Okan, İ., Temel, C., Keskin, M.T., Korkmaz, C., & Uluoz, E.(2023). Investigation the Relationship between Mental Toughness and Courage Levels of Sports Sciences Faculty Students for Sustainable Performance. Sustainability, 15, 9406. [Doi:10.3390/su15129406]
Valizadeh, H., & Parandin, S. (2022). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Irrational  Beliefs and Happiness of the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 8(1), 24-11. (Persia). [Doi: 10.22126/jap.2022.7219.1586]
World Health Organization, (2019). School-based violence prevention: a practical handbook. WHO Headquarters (HQ). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/school-based-violence-prevention-a-practical-handbook
Zhu, D., kinson, L.H., & Wang, Q. (2018). Academic performance and financial forecasting performance: A survey study. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 20, 45-51. [Doi: 10.1016/j.jbef.2018.07.002]